A key storage consideration for liquid hydrogen is the vaporization rate caused by environmental heat loads, often referred to as boil-off. The above graphic shows some of the established methods for mitigating or eliminating boil-off categorized by the input power required [1].
Passive techniques require no input power and include design and material selection for insulation, structural supports, piping, and other tank interfaces that minimize heat transfer to the inner tank wall. Hybrid methods require some input power for valve actuation, mixers, pumps, or other components to reduce the boil-off rate.
Finally, active techniques require power input for cryo-refrigeration or densification processes. Depending on the concept of operation for the system, application of the appropriate combination of these methods can minimize or eliminate boil-off losses [2].